v0.3.0 write output on its own goroutine, blocked terminal report

README.md

@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ consoles with VT processing, and browsers via xterm.js (WASM builds).
 
     Terminal (interface)
       └── termImpl
-            ├── outputBuffer   diffing, ANSI generation, 128KB buffered writer
+            ├── outputBuffer   diffing, ANSI generation
+            ├── writeLoop      the one goroutine that writes output
             ├── inputReader    escape sequence parser, event channel
             └── Backend (interface)
                   ├── unixBackend     //go:build unix — termios, unix.Poll, SIGWINCH, /dev/tty
@@ -55,6 +56,15 @@ passes it to `Flush`. The output buffer diffs against the previously flushed fra
 `Sync()` clears the screen and invalidates the front buffer, forcing a full
 redraw — required after any external process writes to the terminal.
 
+Output is written on a goroutine of its own, so no call waits on the terminal.
+A terminal that stops reading (a hidden tab, a multiplexer client that went
+away, flow control) holds that goroutine in its write; meanwhile `Flush` keeps
+only the newest frame, drawn once the write returns, and control sequences
+(cursor, mouse, paste, `Clear`, `Sync`) queue behind it in call order.
+`Blocked()` reports how long the write in flight has waited, so a caller can
+stop composing frames nobody will see. `Fini` waits up to two seconds for the
+restoring sequences, then restores the termios without them.
+
 Auto-wrap and, where the terminal follows ECMA-48 mode 8 (VTE), its own bidi
 reordering are off during the session: the bottom-right cell is writable
 without scroll side effects, and right-to-left text stays in its cells.

ansi.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package terminal
 
 import (
-	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
 )
 
 // Pre-allocated ANSI sequence fragments (avoid allocations during render)
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ var (
 
 // writeInt writes an integer without allocation
 // Optimized for terminal values (0-255 common, 0-999 typical max)
-func writeInt(w *bufio.Writer, n int) {
+func writeInt(w *bytes.Buffer, n int) {
 	if n < 0 {
 		n = 0
 	}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func writeInt(w *bufio.Writer, n int) {
 }
 
 // writeCursorPos writes cursor positioning sequence (0-indexed input)
-func writeCursorPos(w *bufio.Writer, x, y int) {
+func writeCursorPos(w *bytes.Buffer, x, y int) {
 	w.Write(csiCursorPos)
 	writeInt(w, y+1)
 	w.WriteByte(';')
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func writeCursorPos(w *bufio.Writer, x, y int) {
 }
 
 // writeCursorForward writes cursor forward N positions
-func writeCursorForward(w *bufio.Writer, n int) {
+func writeCursorForward(w *bytes.Buffer, n int) {
 	if n <= 0 {
 		return
 	}

doc.go

@@ -39,8 +39,11 @@
 //
 // # Performance
 //
-// Output uses 128KB buffered writer with cell-level diffing. Only changed cells
-// generate ANSI sequences. Style attributes are coalesced to minimize SGR calls.
+// Output uses cell-level diffing. Only changed cells generate ANSI sequences.
+// Style attributes are coalesced to minimize SGR calls. One goroutine writes
+// what is rendered, so a terminal that stops reading never holds the caller:
+// Flush keeps the newest frame until the write in flight returns, and Blocked
+// reports how long it has waited.
 // Input parsing is zero-allocation for common cases.
 //
 // This package bypasses terminfo/termcap entirely, emitting direct ANSI sequences.

output.go

@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 package terminal
 
 import (
-	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
 	"unicode"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"github.com/lixenwraith/color"
 )
 
-// outputBuffer manages double-buffered terminal output with diffing
+// outputBuffer renders double-buffered terminal output with diffing. It only
+// encodes: what an operation renders collects in buf, and termImpl hands it to
+// the goroutine that writes it.
 type outputBuffer struct {
 	front     []Cell
 	width     int
 	height    int
 	colorMode ColorMode
-	writer    *bufio.Writer
+	buf       bytes.Buffer
 
 	cursorX     int
 	cursorY     int
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ type outputBuffer struct {
 	lastValid bool
 }
 
-// writerAdapter adapts Backend to io.Writer for bufio
+// writerAdapter adapts Backend to io.Writer
 type writerAdapter struct {
 	b Backend
 }
@@ -40,13 +42,8 @@ func (wa writerAdapter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }
 
-func newOutputBuffer(backend Backend, colorMode ColorMode) *outputBuffer {
-	// Use 128KB buffer for minimal calls to backend
-	adapter := writerAdapter{b: backend}
-	return &outputBuffer{
-		writer:    bufio.NewWriterSize(adapter, 131072),
-		colorMode: colorMode,
-	}
+func newOutputBuffer(colorMode ColorMode) *outputBuffer {
+	return &outputBuffer{colorMode: colorMode}
 }
 
 func (o *outputBuffer) resize(width, height int) {
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ func cellEqual(a, b Cell) bool {
 		a.Attrs == b.Attrs
 }
 
-// flush writes the back buffer to terminal, diffing against front buffer
+// flush renders the back buffer into buf, diffing against front buffer
 func (o *outputBuffer) flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 	if width != o.width || height != o.height {
 		o.resize(width, height)
@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ func (o *outputBuffer) flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	w := o.writer
+	w := &o.buf
 
 	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
 		rowStart := y * width
@@ -178,7 +175,6 @@ func (o *outputBuffer) flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 
 	w.Write(csiSGR0)
 	o.lastValid = false
-	w.Flush()
 }
 
 // oneColumn is r as a cell draws it: one glyph in one column, where the
@@ -292,7 +288,7 @@ func digitCount(n int) int {
 }
 
 // moveCursorTo positions cursor using most efficient method
-func (o *outputBuffer) moveCursorTo(w *bufio.Writer, x, y int) {
+func (o *outputBuffer) moveCursorTo(w *bytes.Buffer, x, y int) {
 	if o.cursorValid && o.cursorX == x && o.cursorY == y {
 		return
 	}
@@ -319,7 +315,7 @@ func (o *outputBuffer) moveCursorTo(w *bufio.Writer, x, y int) {
 }
 
 // writeStyleCoalesced emits a single combined SGR sequence when style changes
-func (o *outputBuffer) writeStyleCoalesced(w *bufio.Writer, fg, bg color.RGB, attr Attr) {
+func (o *outputBuffer) writeStyleCoalesced(w *bytes.Buffer, fg, bg color.RGB, attr Attr) {
 	if o.colorMode == ColorModeNone {
 		fg, bg, attr = color.RGB{}, color.RGB{}, attr&AttrStyle
 	}
@@ -372,7 +368,7 @@ var attrCodes = [...]struct {
 // writeColor writes one color's SGR parameters, after a ';' when sep, for
 // base 30 (foreground) or 40 (background): the terminal's own, a palette
 // index, or RGB, as the color mode allows. ColorModeNone writes nothing.
-func (o *outputBuffer) writeColor(w *bufio.Writer, c color.RGB, palette, deflt bool, base int, sep bool) {
+func (o *outputBuffer) writeColor(w *bytes.Buffer, c color.RGB, palette, deflt bool, base int, sep bool) {
 	if o.colorMode == ColorModeNone {
 		return
 	}
@@ -418,10 +414,10 @@ func (o *outputBuffer) forceFullRedraw() {
 	o.cursorValid = false
 }
 
-// clear writes a clear screen with specified background, attr's
+// clear renders a clear screen with specified background, attr's
 // AttrBgDefault or AttrBg256 saying how to read it
 func (o *outputBuffer) clear(bg color.RGB, attr Attr) {
-	w := o.writer
+	w := &o.buf
 	w.Write(csiSGR0)
 	w.Write(csi)
 	o.writeColor(w, bg, attr&AttrBg256 != 0, attr&AttrBgDefault != 0, 40, false)
@@ -430,7 +426,6 @@ func (o *outputBuffer) clear(bg color.RGB, attr Attr) {
 
 	o.lastValid = false
 	o.cursorValid = false
-	w.Flush()
 
 	for i := range o.front {
 		o.front[i] = Cell{Rune: ' ', Bg: bg, Attrs: attr & AttrBgColor}

terminal.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lixenwraith/color"
 	"golang.org/x/term"
@@ -61,10 +62,16 @@ type Terminal interface {
 	// ColorMode returns detected color capability
 	ColorMode() ColorMode
 
-	// Flush writes cell buffer to terminal
-	// Cells are row-major: cells[y*width + x]
+	// Flush hands a frame to the terminal; cells are row-major: cells[y*width + x].
+	// It never waits on the terminal: while the last write is still out, the frame
+	// is held and drawn once that write returns, a newer one replacing it
 	Flush(cells []Cell, width, height int)
 
+	// Blocked reports how long the terminal has held the write in flight, zero
+	// while output drains. A terminal that stops reading (a hidden tab, a client
+	// that went away, flow control) shows here instead of as a caller that waits
+	Blocked() time.Duration
+
 	// Clear fills screen with specified background color
 	Clear(bg color.RGB)
 
@@ -114,8 +121,28 @@ type termImpl struct {
 	finalized   bool
 	mouseMode   MouseMode
 	paste       bool
+
+	// Output reaches the terminal on writeLoop's goroutine, so a terminal that
+	// stops reading holds that goroutine rather than whoever draws. queued is what
+	// was rendered and not yet taken; a frame Flush is handed while a write is out
+	// waits in held, newest first, until it returns. Both are guarded by mu.
+	queued     []byte
+	writing    []byte // owned by writeLoop
+	held       []Cell
+	heldW      int
+	heldH      int
+	holding    bool
+	writeSince atomic.Int64 // unix nanoseconds the write out began; zero when none is
+	wake       chan struct{}
+	quit       chan struct{}
+	writerDone chan struct{}
 }
 
+// finiDrainTimeout bounds how long Fini waits for the terminal to take what is
+// queued, the restoring sequences last: a terminal that stopped reading would
+// otherwise hold the process at exit
+const finiDrainTimeout = 2 * time.Second
+
 // New creates a new Terminal instance. Without a mode it uses
 // DetectColorMode's, or ColorModeNone when NO_COLOR is set; an explicit mode
 // overrides both, as a --color=always or never would
@@ -129,15 +156,19 @@ func New(colorMode ...ColorMode) Terminal {
 		c = ColorModeNone
 	}
 
-	t := &termImpl{
-		backend:     b,
-		syntheticCh: make(chan Event, 16),
-		resizeCh:    make(chan ResizeEvent, 1),
+	return newTerm(b, c)
 }
 
-	// Initialize output buffer with backend
-	t.output = newOutputBuffer(b, c)
-	return t
+func newTerm(b Backend, c ColorMode) *termImpl {
+	return &termImpl{
+		backend:     b,
+		output:      newOutputBuffer(c),
+		syntheticCh: make(chan Event, 16),
+		resizeCh:    make(chan ResizeEvent, 1),
+		wake:        make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		quit:        make(chan struct{}),
+		writerDone:  make(chan struct{}),
+	}
 }
 
 // Init enters raw mode and sets up terminal
@@ -178,13 +209,16 @@ func (t *termImpl) Init() error {
 		}
 	})
 
+	go t.writeLoop()
+
 	// Enter alternate screen, hide cursor
-	t.writeRaw(csiAltScreenEnter)
-	t.writeRaw(csiCursorHide)
+	out := &t.output.buf
+	out.Write(csiAltScreenEnter)
+	out.Write(csiCursorHide)
 
 	// DISABLE AUTO-WRAP
 	// Prevents terminal scroll/wrap on bottom-right corner write
-	t.writeRaw(csiAutoWrapOff)
+	out.Write(csiAutoWrapOff)
 
 	// Invisible cursor
 	t.cursorVisible.Store(false)
@@ -196,6 +230,7 @@ func (t *termImpl) Init() error {
 
 	// Clear screen
 	t.output.clear(color.RGB{}, AttrBgDefault)
+	t.sendLocked()
 
 	// Start input reader
 	t.input.start()
@@ -207,24 +242,25 @@ func (t *termImpl) Init() error {
 // Fini restores terminal state
 func (t *termImpl) Fini() {
 	t.mu.Lock()
-	defer t.mu.Unlock()
-
 	if !t.initialized || t.finalized {
+		t.mu.Unlock()
 		return
 	}
+	t.finalized = true
+	t.holding = false // a frame not yet drawn is not drawn over the restored screen
+	w := &t.output.buf
 
 	// Disable mouse before other cleanup
 	if t.mouseMode != MouseModeNone {
-		w := t.output.writer
 		w.Write(csiMouseMotionOff)
 		w.Write(csiMouseDragOff)
 		w.Write(csiMouseClickOff)
 		w.Write(csiMouseSGROff)
-		w.Flush()
+		t.sendLocked()
 	}
 
 	if t.paste {
-		t.writeRaw(csiPasteOff)
+		w.Write(csiPasteOff)
 	}
 
 	// Stop handlers
@@ -233,21 +269,29 @@ func (t *termImpl) Fini() {
 	}
 
 	// Show cursor
-	t.writeRaw(csiCursorShow)
+	w.Write(csiCursorShow)
 
 	// Exit alternate screen
-	t.writeRaw(csiAltScreenExit)
+	w.Write(csiAltScreenExit)
 
 	// Re-enable Auto-Wrap AFTER exiting alt screen to ensure the main buffer has wrap enabled
-	t.writeRaw(csiAutoWrapOn)
+	w.Write(csiAutoWrapOn)
 
 	// Reset attributes
-	t.writeRaw(csiSGR0)
+	w.Write(csiSGR0)
+	t.sendLocked()
+	t.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// The restoring sequences leave before raw mode does, unless the terminal has
+	// stopped reading: then the termios is restored without them
+	close(t.quit)
+	select {
+	case <-t.writerDone:
+	case <-time.After(finiDrainTimeout):
+	}
 
 	// Backend cleanup
 	t.backend.Fini()
-
-	t.finalized = true
 }
 
 // Size returns current terminal dimensions
@@ -265,8 +309,8 @@ func (t *termImpl) ColorMode() ColorMode {
 	return t.output.colorMode
 }
 
-// Flush writes cell buffer to terminal
-// Holds lock for entire operation to prevent race with Clear/MoveCursor
+// Flush renders cells and queues them for the terminal, or holds them while a write
+// is out. Holds lock for entire operation to prevent race with Clear/MoveCursor
 func (t *termImpl) Flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 	t.mu.Lock()
 	defer t.mu.Unlock()
@@ -275,6 +319,18 @@ func (t *termImpl) Flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	if t.writeSince.Load() != 0 {
+		t.held = append(t.held[:0], cells[:min(len(cells), width*height)]...)
+		t.heldW, t.heldH, t.holding = width, height, true
+		return
+	}
+	// A frame is a whole screen, so one rendered now supersedes any held
+	t.holding = false
+	t.renderLocked(cells, width, height)
+}
+
+// renderLocked diffs one frame into the queue. Caller MUST hold mu.
+func (t *termImpl) renderLocked(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 	// Validation against backend size; if mismatch, drop frame to prevent resize race corruption
 	currW, currH := t.backend.Size()
 	if currW != width || currH != height {
@@ -282,6 +338,24 @@ func (t *termImpl) Flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 	}
 
 	t.output.flush(cells, width, height)
+	t.sendLocked()
+}
+
+// releaseLocked renders a held frame ahead of a control sequence, so the terminal
+// receives the two in the order they were asked for. Caller MUST hold mu.
+func (t *termImpl) releaseLocked() {
+	if t.holding {
+		t.holding = false
+		t.renderLocked(t.held, t.heldW, t.heldH)
+	}
+}
+
+// Blocked reports how long the write in flight has waited on the terminal
+func (t *termImpl) Blocked() time.Duration {
+	if since := t.writeSince.Load(); since != 0 {
+		return time.Since(time.Unix(0, since))
+	}
+	return 0
 }
 
 // Clear fills screen with background color
@@ -293,7 +367,9 @@ func (t *termImpl) Clear(bg color.RGB) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	t.releaseLocked()
 	t.output.clear(bg, 0)
+	t.sendLocked()
 }
 
 // SetCursorVisible shows/hides cursor
@@ -309,13 +385,14 @@ func (t *termImpl) SetCursorVisible(visible bool) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	w := t.output.writer
+	t.releaseLocked()
+	w := &t.output.buf
 	if visible {
 		w.Write(csiCursorShow)
 	} else {
 		w.Write(csiCursorHide)
 	}
-	w.Flush()
+	t.sendLocked()
 }
 
 // MoveCursor positions cursor (0-indexed)
@@ -327,6 +404,7 @@ func (t *termImpl) MoveCursor(x, y int) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	t.releaseLocked()
 	if t.output != nil {
 		t.output.invalidateCursor()
 	}
@@ -345,10 +423,9 @@ func (t *termImpl) MoveCursor(x, y int) {
 		y = h - 1
 	}
 
-	// Write through buffered writer to maintain stream order
-	wBuf := t.output.writer
-	writeCursorPos(wBuf, x, y)
-	wBuf.Flush()
+	// Through the queue, to keep the stream's order
+	writeCursorPos(&t.output.buf, x, y)
+	t.sendLocked()
 }
 
 // Sync forces full redraw
@@ -362,8 +439,10 @@ func (t *termImpl) Sync() {
 
 	// Clear terminal before full redraw
 	// Diff-based rendering assumes physical terminal matches front buffer state
+	t.releaseLocked()
 	t.output.clear(color.RGB{}, AttrBgDefault)
 	t.output.forceFullRedraw()
+	t.sendLocked()
 }
 
 // PollEvent blocks until next input event
@@ -412,7 +491,8 @@ func (t *termImpl) SetMouseMode(mode MouseMode) error {
 	oldMode := t.mouseMode
 	t.mouseMode = mode
 
-	w := t.output.writer
+	t.releaseLocked()
+	w := &t.output.buf
 
 	// Disable modes no longer needed (reverse order of enable)
 	if oldMode&MouseModeMotion != 0 && mode&MouseModeMotion == 0 {
@@ -446,7 +526,7 @@ func (t *termImpl) SetMouseMode(mode MouseMode) error {
 		w.Write(csiMouseMotionOn)
 	}
 
-	w.Flush()
+	t.sendLocked()
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -460,18 +540,15 @@ func (t *termImpl) SetPasteMode(on bool) error {
 	}
 	t.paste = on
 	t.input.pasteMode.Store(on)
-	w := t.output.writer
+	t.releaseLocked()
+	w := &t.output.buf
 	if on {
 		w.Write(csiPasteOn)
 	} else {
 		w.Write(csiPasteOff)
 	}
-	return w.Flush()
-}
-
-// writeRaw writes raw bytes to output
-func (t *termImpl) writeRaw(data []byte) {
-	t.backend.Write(data)
+	t.sendLocked()
+	return nil
 }
 
 // EmergencyReset attempts to restore terminal to sane state

terminal_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ type fakeBackend struct {
 	out    bytes.Buffer
 	chunks []string
 	pause  time.Duration
+	gate   chan struct{} // when set, a write waits until it is closed
 }
 
 func (f *fakeBackend) Init() error                              { return nil }
@@ -26,6 +27,9 @@ func (f *fakeBackend) Size() (int, int)                         { return 1, 1 }
 func (f *fakeBackend) SetResizeHandler(func(width, height int)) {}
 
 func (f *fakeBackend) Write(p []byte) error {
+	if f.gate != nil {
+		<-f.gate
+	}
 	f.mu.Lock()
 	defer f.mu.Unlock()
 	f.out.Write(p)
@@ -80,10 +84,9 @@ func TestColorModesWriteWhatTheTerminalReads(t *testing.T) {
 		{ColorModeTrueColor, []Cell{{Rune: 'x', Fg: color.RGB{R: 1, G: 2, B: 3}, Attrs: AttrBgDefault}}, "\x1b[0;38;2;1;2;3;49mx"},
 		{ColorModeNone, []Cell{{Rune: 'x', Fg: red, Bg: yellow, Attrs: AttrFg256 | AttrUnderline}, {Rune: 'y', Fg: yellow, Attrs: AttrUnderline}}, "\x1b[0;4mxy"},
 	} {
-		f := &fakeBackend{}
-		o := newOutputBuffer(f, c.mode)
+		o := newOutputBuffer(c.mode)
 		o.flush(c.cells, len(c.cells), 1)
-		if got, want := f.written(), "\x1b[1;1H"+c.want+"\x1b[0m"; got != want {
+		if got, want := o.buf.String(), "\x1b[1;1H"+c.want+"\x1b[0m"; got != want {
 			t.Errorf("mode %d %+v: %q, want %q", c.mode, c.cells, got, want)
 		}
 	}
@@ -94,10 +97,9 @@ func TestColorModesWriteWhatTheTerminalReads(t *testing.T) {
 // value or a log line carried in, or no rune at all, is drawn as a space,
 // never sent to the terminal
 func TestCellsSendNoControlCharacters(t *testing.T) {
-	f := &fakeBackend{}
-	o := newOutputBuffer(f, ColorMode256)
+	o := newOutputBuffer(ColorMode256)
 	o.flush([]Cell{{Rune: 0x1b}, {Rune: 0x9b}, {Rune: 0x7f}, {Rune: -229}, {Rune: 0xd800}, {Rune: 0x202e}, {Rune: 0x2067}, {Rune: 0x061c}, {Rune: 0x200b}, {Rune: 0x2028}, {Rune: 'é'}}, 11, 1)
-	if got, want := f.written(), "\x1b[1;1H\x1b[0;38;5;16;48;5;16m          é\x1b[0m"; got != want {
+	if got, want := o.buf.String(), "\x1b[1;1H\x1b[0;38;5;16;48;5;16m          é\x1b[0m"; got != want {
 		t.Fatalf("%q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
 }
@@ -107,14 +109,13 @@ func TestCellsSendNoControlCharacters(t *testing.T) {
 // (a spacing mark, a letter such as Thai's sara am) is drawn as U+FFFD, any
 // other as itself
 func TestEachCellIsOneColumn(t *testing.T) {
-	f := &fakeBackend{}
-	o := newOutputBuffer(f, ColorMode256)
+	o := newOutputBuffer(ColorMode256)
 	var row []Cell
 	for _, r := range "\u0301\u20dd\u1161漢Ａ😀✅\U0001f1fa\u093e\u0e33é─❤" {
 		row = append(row, Cell{Rune: r})
 	}
 	o.flush(row, len(row), 1)
-	if got, want := f.written(), "\x1b[1;1H\x1b[0;38;5;16;48;5;16m"+strings.Repeat("\ufffd", 10)+"é─❤\x1b[0m"; got != want {
+	if got, want := o.buf.String(), "\x1b[1;1H\x1b[0;38;5;16;48;5;16m"+strings.Repeat("\ufffd", 10)+"é─❤\x1b[0m"; got != want {
 		t.Fatalf("%q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
 }
@@ -183,8 +184,7 @@ func expectEvents(t *testing.T, cases map[string]input) {
 // Paste mode set on the terminal is what its reader parses by
 func TestPasteModeReachesTheReader(t *testing.T) {
 	f := &fakeBackend{}
-	term := &termImpl{backend: f, syntheticCh: make(chan Event, 1), resizeCh: make(chan ResizeEvent, 1)}
-	term.output = newOutputBuffer(f, ColorMode256)
+	term := newTerm(f, ColorMode256)
 	if err := term.Init(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -210,8 +210,7 @@ func TestPasteModeReachesTheReader(t *testing.T) {
 // than painting it black
 func TestSessionLeavesTheTerminalAsItFoundIt(t *testing.T) {
 	f := &fakeBackend{}
-	term := &termImpl{backend: f, syntheticCh: make(chan Event, 1), resizeCh: make(chan ResizeEvent, 1)}
-	term.output = newOutputBuffer(f, ColorModeTrueColor)
+	term := newTerm(f, ColorModeTrueColor)
 	if err := term.Init(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -228,3 +227,73 @@ func TestSessionLeavesTheTerminalAsItFoundIt(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("bidi reordering not off for the session: %q", got)
 	}
 }
+
+// A terminal that stops reading holds the write in flight, not whoever draws:
+// Flush returns while it is out, Blocked says how long it has waited, the newest
+// frame held meanwhile is the one drawn once the terminal reads again, and a
+// control sequence asked for after a held frame reaches the terminal after it
+func TestAStoppedTerminalHoldsNoCaller(t *testing.T) {
+	f := &fakeBackend{gate: make(chan struct{})}
+	term := newTerm(f, ColorMode256)
+	if err := term.Init(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	waitFor(t, "the first write to go out", func() bool { return term.Blocked() > 0 })
+
+	frame := func(r rune) []Cell { return []Cell{{Rune: r}} }
+	returned := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		term.Flush(frame('a'), 1, 1)
+		term.Flush(frame('b'), 1, 1)
+		close(returned)
+	}()
+	select {
+	case <-returned:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Flush waited on a terminal that stopped reading")
+	}
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+	if b := term.Blocked(); b < 10*time.Millisecond {
+		t.Fatalf("blocked %v while the write is held", b)
+	}
+	term.SetCursorVisible(true)
+
+	close(f.gate)
+	waitFor(t, "output to drain", func() bool { return term.Blocked() == 0 && strings.Contains(f.written(), "\x1b[?25h") })
+	got := f.written()
+	if strings.Contains(got, "a") || !strings.Contains(got, "b") {
+		t.Fatalf("drew %q; want the newest held frame only", got)
+	}
+	if strings.Index(got, "b") > strings.Index(got, "\x1b[?25h") {
+		t.Fatalf("the cursor was shown before the frame held ahead of it: %q", got)
+	}
+	term.Fini()
+}
+
+// Fini restores the termios even when the terminal never reads its last
+// sequences: it stops waiting after finiDrainTimeout
+func TestFiniLeavesAStoppedTerminal(t *testing.T) {
+	f := &fakeBackend{gate: make(chan struct{})}
+	defer close(f.gate)
+	term := newTerm(f, ColorMode256)
+	if err := term.Init(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() { term.Fini(); close(done) }()
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(finiDrainTimeout + 2*time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Fini waited on a terminal that stopped reading")
+	}
+}
+
+func waitFor(t *testing.T, what string, ok func() bool) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for deadline := time.Now().Add(2 * time.Second); !ok(); {
+		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+			t.Fatalf("timed out waiting for %s", what)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+	}
+}

writer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package terminal
+
+import "time"
+
+// sendLocked queues what the operation in progress rendered and wakes the writer.
+// Caller MUST hold mu.
+func (t *termImpl) sendLocked() {
+	buf := &t.output.buf
+	if buf.Len() == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	t.queued = append(t.queued, buf.Bytes()...)
+	buf.Reset()
+	select {
+	case t.wake <- struct{}{}:
+	default:
+	}
+}
+
+// writeLoop is the only writer of terminal output after Init. It returns once Fini
+// has queued the restoring sequences and they are written; a terminal that never
+// takes them leaves it in its write, and Fini stops waiting.
+func (t *termImpl) writeLoop() {
+	defer close(t.writerDone)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-t.wake:
+			t.drain()
+		case <-t.quit:
+			t.drain()
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// drain writes what is queued until nothing is, and draws a frame held while a
+// write was out once that write returns. The write runs without mu, so whoever
+// draws meanwhile finds writeSince set and holds its frame instead of waiting.
+func (t *termImpl) drain() {
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	for {
+		if len(t.queued) == 0 {
+			t.releaseLocked()
+		}
+		if len(t.queued) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		t.writing, t.queued = t.queued, t.writing[:0]
+		t.writeSince.Store(time.Now().UnixNano())
+		t.mu.Unlock()
+		_ = t.backend.Write(t.writing) // a failed write is lost, as one through a buffered writer was
+		t.writeSince.Store(0)
+		t.mu.Lock()
+	}
+	t.mu.Unlock()
+}