v0.6.1 flush: memcmp finds a row's first and last changed cells

The whole-row memcmp settled an unchanged row, but on a changed row the cell
loop then read again the prefix memcmp had already compared, and the trailing
trim walked unchanged cells one by one. Chunks of eight cells now find the
first and last changed cell, so no cell is compared twice and only the span
between them is scanned cell by cell. Output is byte-identical.

Measured on frames captured from vif at 60 fps (median of 15, one core):
vanguard 120x40 73.7 -> 66.6 us a frame (-10%), vanguard 240x66
158.8 -> 131.8 (-17%), main with the gun firing 40.0 -> 34.1 (-15%), main
idle 20.3 -> 14.0 (-31%). Dropping the row compare instead costs +15% to
+120% on the same frames.

README.md

@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ behaves as `New`'s Terminal does, the writer goroutine included; `New` is
 The application owns a flat `[]Cell` buffer (row-major, `cells[y*width+x]`) and
 passes it to `Flush`. The output buffer diffs against the previously flushed frame:
 
-- Rows are scanned with early termination (trailing unchanged cells skipped).
+- A row's first and last changed cells are found by memcmp, eight cells a compare:
+  an unchanged row costs those compares alone, and only the cells between are
+  scanned one by one.
 - Cursor moves are emitted only when the write position is non-contiguous.
 - SGR state (fg, bg, attributes) is coalesced across cells; redundant sequences
   are suppressed.
@@ -226,9 +228,11 @@ division approximation; `SoftLight` uses init-time LUTs replacing `math.Sqrt`.
   `Key == KeyRune` with `Rune` set for printable input, `Modifiers` bitmask
   (`ModShift`, `ModAlt`, `ModCtrl`), `Action` (`KeyPress`, and `KeyRepeat` and
   `KeyRelease` while releases are reported; see below)
-- `EventMouse` — 0-indexed `MouseX/Y`, `MouseBtn` (buttons, wheel),
+- `EventMouse` — 0-indexed `MouseX/Y`, `MouseBtn` (the three buttons, the
-  `MouseAction` (press/release/move/drag), modifiers. Enable via
+  wheel's four directions, back and forward), `MouseAction`
-  `SetMouseMode(MouseModeClick | MouseModeDrag)`; SGR protocol only.
+  (press/release/move/drag; a wheel step is a press with no release),
+  modifiers. Enable via `SetMouseMode(MouseModeClick | MouseModeDrag)`; SGR
+  protocol only.
 - `EventResize` — new `Width`/`Height`
 - `EventPaste` — `Text` holds a whole paste, as sent, control characters
   included. Enable via `SetPasteMode(true)` (bracketed paste); off, a paste

input.go

@@ -623,7 +623,8 @@ func (r *inputReader) parseControl(b byte) Event {
 }
 
 // parseSGRMouse parses mouse SGR sequences, ESC [ < Btn ; X ; Y M/m, from
-// the parameters and final byte; a malformed one is dropped as KeyNone
+// the parameters and final byte; a malformed one, or a button past 9, is
+// dropped as KeyNone
 func parseSGRMouse(params []byte, final byte) Event {
 	btn, x, y, ok := parseSGRParams(params)
 	if !ok {
@@ -632,48 +633,34 @@ func parseSGRMouse(params []byte, final byte) Event {
 
 	ev := Event{Type: EventMouse, MouseX: x - 1, MouseY: y - 1} // Convert to 0-indexed
 
-	// Decode button and action
+	// Bits 0-1 number a button within its bank: the main three and none, the
-	// Bits 0-1: button (0=left, 1=middle, 2=right, 3=release)
+	// wheel's four directions (bit 6), or buttons 8 to 11 (bit 7); bit 5 is motion
-	// Bit 5 (32): motion
+	id := btn & 0x03
-	// Bit 6 (64): scroll
+	switch btn & (64 | 128) {
-	buttonID := btn & 0x03
-	isMotion := btn&32 != 0
-	isScroll := btn&64 != 0
-
-	if isScroll {
-		// Scroll: buttonID 0=up, 1=down
-		if buttonID == 0 {
-			ev.MouseBtn = MouseBtnWheelUp
-		} else {
-			ev.MouseBtn = MouseBtnWheelDown
-		}
-		ev.MouseAction = MouseActionPress // Scroll is instantaneous
-	} else {
-		// Regular button
-		switch buttonID {
 	case 0:
-			ev.MouseBtn = MouseBtnLeft
+		ev.MouseBtn = [...]MouseButton{MouseBtnLeft, MouseBtnMiddle, MouseBtnRight, MouseBtnNone}[id]
-		case 1:
+	case 64:
-			ev.MouseBtn = MouseBtnMiddle
+		ev.MouseBtn = [...]MouseButton{MouseBtnWheelUp, MouseBtnWheelDown, MouseBtnWheelLeft, MouseBtnWheelRight}[id]
-		case 2:
+	case 128:
-			ev.MouseBtn = MouseBtnRight
+		if id > 1 {
-		case 3:
+			return Event{Type: EventKey, Key: KeyNone}
-			ev.MouseBtn = MouseBtnNone // Release with no specific button
+		}
+		ev.MouseBtn = MouseBtnBack + MouseButton(id)
+	default:
+		return Event{Type: EventKey, Key: KeyNone}
 	}
 
-		if final == 'M' {
+	switch {
-			if isMotion {
+	case btn&64 != 0:
-				if ev.MouseBtn != MouseBtnNone {
+		ev.MouseAction = MouseActionPress // A wheel step is its press
-					ev.MouseAction = MouseActionDrag
+	case final == 'm':
-				} else {
-					ev.MouseAction = MouseActionMove
-				}
-			} else {
-				ev.MouseAction = MouseActionPress
-			}
-		} else {
 		ev.MouseAction = MouseActionRelease
-		}
+	case btn&32 == 0:
+		ev.MouseAction = MouseActionPress
+	case ev.MouseBtn != MouseBtnNone:
+		ev.MouseAction = MouseActionDrag
+	default:
+		ev.MouseAction = MouseActionMove
 	}
 
 	// Extract modifiers from button byte

mouse.go

@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ const (
 	MouseBtnRight
 	MouseBtnWheelUp
 	MouseBtnWheelDown
-	MouseBtnBack    // Button 4 (if supported)
+	MouseBtnBack       // Button 8, a mouse's back side button
-	MouseBtnForward // Button 5 (if supported)
+	MouseBtnForward    // Button 9, its forward side button
+	MouseBtnWheelLeft  // A wheel tilted left, or a touchpad swiped so
+	MouseBtnWheelRight // A wheel tilted right, or a touchpad swiped so
 )
 
 // MouseAction represents the type of mouse event
@@ -52,6 +54,10 @@ func (b MouseButton) String() string {
 		return "Back"
 	case MouseBtnForward:
 		return "Forward"
+	case MouseBtnWheelLeft:
+		return "WheelLeft"
+	case MouseBtnWheelRight:
+		return "WheelRight"
 	default:
 		return "None"
 	}

output.go

@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ func cellEqual(a, b Cell) bool {
 // fails to compile should a field change leave padding behind
 var _ [0]struct{} = [unsafe.Sizeof(Cell{}) - unsafe.Sizeof(rune(0)) - 2*unsafe.Sizeof(color.RGB{}) - unsafe.Sizeof(Attr(0))]struct{}{}
 
-// rowEqual reports whether two rows of cells hold the same cells, as one memcmp
+// cellsEqual reports whether two runs of cells hold the same cells, as one memcmp
-func rowEqual(a, b []Cell) bool {
+func cellsEqual(a, b []Cell) bool {
 	if len(a) != len(b) {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -88,6 +88,34 @@ func rowEqual(a, b []Cell) bool {
 	return bytes.Equal(unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&a[0])), n), unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&b[0])), n))
 }
 
+// diffChunk is the cells one memcmp settles while a row's changes are sought: few
+// enough that a changed chunk costs little to search again cell by cell
+const diffChunk = 8
+
+// firstChange is the first cell where a and b differ, len(a) when none does
+func firstChange(a, b []Cell) int {
+	i := 0
+	for i+diffChunk <= len(a) && cellsEqual(a[i:i+diffChunk], b[i:i+diffChunk]) {
+		i += diffChunk
+	}
+	for i < len(a) && cellEqual(a[i], b[i]) {
+		i++
+	}
+	return i
+}
+
+// lastChange is one past the last cell from on where a and b differ, from when none does
+func lastChange(a, b []Cell, from int) int {
+	j := len(a)
+	for j-diffChunk >= from && cellsEqual(a[j-diffChunk:j], b[j-diffChunk:j]) {
+		j -= diffChunk
+	}
+	for j > from && cellEqual(a[j-1], b[j-1]) {
+		j--
+	}
+	return j
+}
+
 // flush renders the back buffer into buf, diffing against front buffer
 func (o *outputBuffer) flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 	if width != o.width || height != o.height {
@@ -100,23 +128,19 @@ func (o *outputBuffer) flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 	}
 
 	w := &o.buf
+	start := w.Len()
 
 	for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
 		rowStart := y * width
-		// Most rows of a frame are unchanged; one compare settles each of those
+		// Memcmp finds the row's first and last changed cells, so an unchanged row is
-		if rowEqual(cells[rowStart:rowStart+width], o.front[rowStart:rowStart+width]) {
+		// one pass of compares and a changed one is scanned cell by cell between them
+		row, front := cells[rowStart:rowStart+width], o.front[rowStart:rowStart+width]
+		x := firstChange(row, front)
+		if x == width {
 			continue
 		}
+		rowEnd := lastChange(row, front, x+1)
 
-		rowEnd := width
-		for rowEnd > 0 && cellEqual(cells[rowStart+rowEnd-1], o.front[rowStart+rowEnd-1]) {
-			rowEnd--
-		}
-		if rowEnd == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		x := 0
 		for x < rowEnd {
 			idx := rowStart + x
 
@@ -194,7 +218,10 @@ func (o *outputBuffer) flush(cells []Cell, width, height int) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// A frame that changed no cell writes nothing, the reset included
+	if w.Len() > start {
 		w.Write(csiSGR0)
+	}
 	o.lastValid = false
 }
 

terminal_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package terminal
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"cmp"
+	"math/rand/v2"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -121,6 +122,37 @@ func TestEachCellIsOneColumn(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// A frame that changes no cell writes nothing, so drawing an idle screen
+// again costs the terminal no bytes
+func TestUnchangedFrameWritesNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	o := newOutputBuffer(ColorMode256)
+	frame := []Cell{{Rune: 'a'}, {Rune: 'é'}}
+	o.flush(frame, len(frame), 1)
+	o.buf.Reset()
+	if o.flush(frame, len(frame), 1); o.buf.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unchanged frame wrote %q", o.buf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// Every cell a frame changes is written, wherever in its row it lies and however
+// wide the row: after a flush the screen the terminal holds is the frame
+func TestEveryChangedCellIsWritten(t *testing.T) {
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewPCG(1, 2))
+	for _, width := range []int{1, 7, 8, 9, 17, 120} {
+		o := newOutputBuffer(ColorModeTrueColor)
+		frame := make([]Cell, width*4)
+		for range 200 {
+			for range rng.IntN(len(frame)/2 + 1) {
+				frame[rng.IntN(len(frame))] = Cell{Rune: 'a' + rng.Int32N(4), Fg: color.RGB{G: uint8(rng.IntN(2))}}
+			}
+			o.flush(frame, width, 4)
+			if !slices.Equal(o.front, frame) {
+				t.Fatalf("width %d: a changed cell went unwritten", width)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // A paste arrives as one event, whatever reads split it into: an escape
 // inside it is text even when a poll times out on it, and a paste the
 // terminal never ends ends when input pauses, whether reads time out or
@@ -216,6 +248,35 @@ func TestNoInputStopsTheReader(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// A mouse report names its button in each bank: the main three, the wheel's four
+// directions, and back and forward among buttons 8 to 11, whose others, which no
+// application could tell apart from the main three before, are dropped
+func TestMouseReportsNameTheirButtons(t *testing.T) {
+	at := func(btn MouseButton, action MouseAction, mods Modifier) Event {
+		return Event{Type: EventMouse, MouseX: 4, MouseY: 2, MouseBtn: btn, MouseAction: action, Modifiers: mods}
+	}
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		report string
+		want   []Event
+	}{
+		{"\x1b[<20;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnLeft, MouseActionPress, ModShift|ModCtrl)}},
+		{"\x1b[<34;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnRight, MouseActionDrag, 0)}},
+		{"\x1b[<35;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnNone, MouseActionMove, 0)}},
+		{"\x1b[<64;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnWheelUp, MouseActionPress, 0)}},
+		{"\x1b[<65;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnWheelDown, MouseActionPress, 0)}},
+		{"\x1b[<66;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnWheelLeft, MouseActionPress, 0)}},
+		{"\x1b[<75;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnWheelRight, MouseActionPress, ModAlt)}},
+		{"\x1b[<128;5;3M\x1b[<128;5;3m", []Event{at(MouseBtnBack, MouseActionPress, 0), at(MouseBtnBack, MouseActionRelease, 0)}},
+		{"\x1b[<129;5;3M", []Event{at(MouseBtnForward, MouseActionPress, 0)}},
+		{"\x1b[<130;5;3Mx", []Event{key('x')}},
+		{"\x1b[<192;5;3Mx", []Event{key('x')}},
+	} {
+		if got, _ := parsed(c.report); !slices.Equal(got, c.want) {
+			t.Errorf("%q: got %+v, want %+v", c.report, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // Whatever bytes arrive, however reads split them, the reader sends the same
 // events, holds back no more than ESC and the longest sequence, and holds
 // nothing once four DEL, which end any sequence or character, and a paste

tui/README.md

@@ -187,6 +187,28 @@ r.List(items, state.Selection, state.Offset, tui.ListOpts{CursorBg: color.DarkSl
 r.ScrollBar(r.W-1, state.Offset, state.Visible, state.Total, color.IronGray)
 ```
 
+`ScrollThumb` is the thumb a bar draws. `ScrollDrag` drives one by the
+pointer, rows counted from the track's top: a press on the thumb takes hold
+of it, a press on the track moves the thumb's middle there and takes hold, and
+a drag keeps the held row under the pointer, each returning the offset to show.
+
+```go
+var drag tui.ScrollDrag        // kept across events
+bar := r.Sub(r.W-1, 0, 1, r.H) // the column ScrollBar draws, in screen cells at bar.X, bar.Y
+
+// per left button event:
+switch ev.MouseAction {
+case terminal.MouseActionPress:
+    if ev.MouseX == bar.X {
+        state.ScrollTo(drag.Press(ev.MouseY-bar.Y, bar.H, state.Offset, state.Visible, state.Total))
+    }
+case terminal.MouseActionDrag:
+    state.ScrollTo(drag.Drag(ev.MouseY-bar.Y, bar.H, state.Offset, state.Visible, state.Total))
+case terminal.MouseActionRelease:
+    drag.Release()
+}
+```
+
 ### Modal dialog
 
 ```go
@@ -265,5 +287,6 @@ Pure logic, no rendering — usable independently:
   (widget default or row background) — check specific widget docs. A zero
   background with no Bg color bits is transparent: the cell keeps the
   background beneath it, bits and all.
-- Mouse hit testing: `TabBar` returns `[]TabBounds`; other widgets require
+- Mouse hit testing: `TabBar` returns `[]TabBounds`, and `ScrollDrag` maps a
-  application-side geometry from the regions used.
+  scrollbar's rows to offsets; other widgets require application-side
+  geometry from the regions used.

tui/border.go

@@ -149,10 +149,7 @@ func (r Region) Divider(y int, label string, line LineType, fg color.RGB) {
 			text = Truncate(text, r.W-2)
 			textLen = RuneLen(text)
 		}
-		startX := (r.W - textLen) / 2
+		r.Text((r.W-textLen)/2, y, text, fg, color.RGB{}, terminal.AttrBold)
-		for i, ch := range text {
-			r.Cell(startX+i, y, ch, fg, color.RGB{}, terminal.AttrBold)
-		}
 	}
 }
 

tui/dialog.go

@@ -225,11 +225,7 @@ func (r Region) ConfirmDialog(state *ConfirmState, opts ConfirmOpts) Region {
 			yesBg = style.ButtonFocusBg
 		}
 	}
-	for i, ch := range yesLabel {
+	content.Text(buttonX, buttonY, yesLabel, yesFg, yesBg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		if buttonX+i < content.W {
-			content.Cell(buttonX+i, buttonY, ch, yesFg, yesBg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		}
-	}
 
 	// No button
 	noX := buttonX + yesW + buttonGap
@@ -239,11 +235,7 @@ func (r Region) ConfirmDialog(state *ConfirmState, opts ConfirmOpts) Region {
 		noFg = style.ButtonFocusFg
 		noBg = style.ButtonFocusBg
 	}
-	for i, ch := range noLabel {
+	content.Text(noX, buttonY, noLabel, noFg, noBg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		if noX+i < content.W {
-			content.Cell(noX+i, buttonY, ch, noFg, noBg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		}
-	}
 
 	return content.Sub(0, 0, content.W, buttonY-1)
 }
@@ -317,11 +309,7 @@ func (r Region) AlertDialog(opts AlertOpts) Region {
 	buttonW := RuneLen(buttonLabel)
 	buttonX := (content.W - buttonW) / 2
 
-	for i, ch := range buttonLabel {
+	content.Text(buttonX, buttonY, buttonLabel, style.ButtonFocusFg, style.ButtonFocusBg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		if buttonX+i < content.W {
-			content.Cell(buttonX+i, buttonY, ch, style.ButtonFocusFg, style.ButtonFocusBg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		}
-	}
 
 	return content.Sub(0, 0, content.W, buttonY-1)
 }

tui/form.go

@@ -164,12 +164,7 @@ func (r Region) Form(state *FormState, opts FormOpts) int {
 
 		// Label
 		label := field.Label + ":"
-		for j, ch := range label {
+		r.Sub(0, y, labelW, 1).Text(0, 0, label, style.LabelFg, style.Bg, terminal.AttrNone)
-			if j >= labelW || j >= r.W {
-				break
-			}
-			r.Cell(j, y, ch, style.LabelFg, style.Bg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		}
 
 		// Field area
 		fieldX := labelW

tui/modal.go

@@ -36,10 +36,7 @@ func (r Region) Modal(opts ModalOpts) Region {
 			title = Truncate(title, r.W-4)
 			titleLen = RuneLen(title)
 		}
-		x := (r.W - titleLen) / 2
+		r.Text((r.W-titleLen)/2, 0, title, opts.TitleFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrBold)
-		for i, ch := range title {
-			r.Cell(x+i, 0, ch, opts.TitleFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrBold)
-		}
 	}
 
 	// Hint right-aligned on top edge
@@ -54,12 +51,7 @@ func (r Region) Modal(opts ModalOpts) Region {
 		if x < r.W/2 {
 			x = r.W / 2
 		}
-		for i, ch := range hint {
+		r.Sub(0, 0, r.W-1, 1).Text(x, 0, hint, opts.HintFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrNone)
-			if x+i >= r.W-1 {
-				break
-			}
-			r.Cell(x+i, 0, ch, opts.HintFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrNone)
-		}
 	}
 
 	// Return content region

tui/pane.go

@@ -33,13 +33,7 @@ func (r Region) Pane(opts PaneOpts) Region {
 		if RuneLen(title) > r.W-4 {
 			title = Truncate(title, r.W-4)
 		}
-		x := 2
+		r.Text(2, 0, title, opts.TitleFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrBold)
-		for i, ch := range title {
-			if x+i >= r.W-1 {
-				break
-			}
-			r.Cell(x+i, 0, ch, opts.TitleFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrBold)
-		}
 	}
 
 	// Content region is everything inside the border. The title sits ON the border row.

tui/progress_overlay.go

@@ -194,10 +194,7 @@ func (r Region) ProgressOverlay(opts ProgressOverlayOpts) Region {
 			title = Truncate(title, overlayW-4)
 			titleLen = RuneLen(title)
 		}
-		titleX := (overlayW - titleLen) / 2
+		overlay.Text((overlayW-titleLen)/2, 0, title, opts.AccentFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrBold)
-		for i, ch := range title {
-			overlay.Cell(titleX+i, 0, ch, opts.AccentFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrBold)
-		}
 	}
 
 	// Content area

tui/scrollbar.go

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ func (r Region) ScrollBarStyled(x int, offset, visible, total int, opts ScrollBa
 	}
 
 	trackH := r.H
-	if total <= visible || trackH < 3 {
+	thumbY, thumbH := ScrollThumb(trackH, offset, visible, total)
-		// No scrolling needed or track too small
+	if thumbH == 0 {
 		if opts.HideIdle {
 			return
 		}
@@ -46,14 +46,6 @@ func (r Region) ScrollBarStyled(x int, offset, visible, total int, opts ScrollBa
 		return
 	}
 
-	thumbH := min(max((visible*trackH)/total, 1), trackH)
-	maxScroll := total - visible
-	thumbY := 0
-	if maxScroll > 0 {
-		thumbY = (offset * (trackH - thumbH)) / maxScroll
-	}
-	thumbY = min(max(thumbY, 0), trackH-thumbH)
-
 	for y := range trackH {
 		if y >= thumbY && y < thumbY+thumbH {
 			r.Cell(x, y, thumbCh, opts.ThumbFg, opts.Bg, terminal.AttrNone)
@@ -63,6 +55,68 @@ func (r Region) ScrollBarStyled(x int, offset, visible, total int, opts ScrollBa
 	}
 }
 
+// ScrollThumb is the thumb a scrollbar trackH rows tall draws for offset: its
+// first row and its height, 0 when content fits or the track is under 3 rows
+func ScrollThumb(trackH, offset, visible, total int) (y, h int) {
+	if total <= visible || trackH < 3 {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	h = min(max((visible*trackH)/total, 1), trackH)
+	y = (offset * (trackH - h)) / (total - visible)
+	return min(max(y, 0), trackH-h), h
+}
+
+// ScrollDrag holds a scrollbar's thumb under the pointer, rows counted from the
+// track's top: a press on the thumb takes hold where it lands, a press on the
+// track moves the thumb's middle there first, and each drag keeps the row held
+// under the pointer. Each call returns the offset to show.
+type ScrollDrag struct {
+	Active bool // The thumb is held
+	Grab   int  // The thumb's row the pointer holds
+}
+
+// Press takes hold of the thumb at track row y; off the track it holds nothing
+func (d *ScrollDrag) Press(y, trackH, offset, visible, total int) int {
+	top, h := ScrollThumb(trackH, offset, visible, total)
+	d.Active = h > 0 && y >= 0 && y < trackH
+	if !d.Active {
+		return offset
+	}
+	if y < top || y >= top+h {
+		offset = scrollOffsetAt(y-h/2, trackH, h, visible, total)
+		top, _ = ScrollThumb(trackH, offset, visible, total)
+	}
+	d.Grab = min(max(y-top, 0), h-1)
+	return offset
+}
+
+// Drag moves the held row to track row y, clamped at the track's ends
+func (d *ScrollDrag) Drag(y, trackH, offset, visible, total int) int {
+	_, h := ScrollThumb(trackH, offset, visible, total)
+	if !d.Active || h == 0 {
+		return offset
+	}
+	return scrollOffsetAt(y-d.Grab, trackH, h, visible, total)
+}
+
+// Release lets go of the thumb
+func (d *ScrollDrag) Release() { *d = ScrollDrag{} }
+
+// scrollOffsetAt is the offset whose thumb, h rows tall, starts nearest row top
+func scrollOffsetAt(top, trackH, h, visible, total int) int {
+	span, maxScroll := trackH-h, total-visible
+	top = min(max(top, 0), span)
+	o := (top*maxScroll + span - 1) / span // The first offset whose thumb starts at or past top
+	if o > 0 {
+		at, _ := ScrollThumb(trackH, o, visible, total)
+		before, _ := ScrollThumb(trackH, o-1, visible, total)
+		if at-top > top-before {
+			return o - 1
+		}
+	}
+	return o
+}
+
 // ScrollIndicator draws compact indicator text (Top/Bot/XX%)
 func (r Region) ScrollIndicator(y int, offset, visible, total int, fg color.RGB) {
 	if y < 0 || y >= r.H {

tui/tab.go

@@ -64,13 +64,7 @@ func (r Region) TabBar(y int, titles []string, active int, opts TabBarOpts) []Ta
 			r.Cell(x+j, y, ' ', style.Fg, style.Bg, style.Attr)
 		}
 
-		titleStart := x + opts.Padding
+		r.TextStyled(x+opts.Padding, y, title, style)
-		for j, ch := range title {
-			if titleStart+j >= r.W {
-				break
-			}
-			r.Cell(titleStart+j, y, ch, style.Fg, style.Bg, style.Attr)
-		}
 
 		for j := 0; j < opts.Padding; j++ {
 			pos := x + opts.Padding + RuneLen(title) + j

tui/table.go

@@ -171,11 +171,7 @@ func (r Region) renderTableRow(y int, cells []string, widths []int, aligns []Ali
 			startX = x
 		}
 
-		for j, ch := range text {
+		r.TextStyled(startX, y, text, style)
-			if startX+j < r.W {
-				r.Cell(startX+j, y, ch, style.Fg, style.Bg, style.Attr)
-			}
-		}
 
 		x += w
 

tui/textfield.go

@@ -108,12 +108,7 @@ func (r Region) TextField(state *TextFieldState, opts TextFieldOpts) int {
 		if RuneLen(placeholder) > viewportW {
 			placeholder = Truncate(placeholder, viewportW)
 		}
-		for i, ch := range placeholder {
+		r.Text(x, contentY, placeholder, style.PlaceholderFg, style.TextBg, terminal.AttrDim)
-			if x+i >= contentX+contentW {
-				break
-			}
-			r.Cell(x+i, contentY, ch, style.PlaceholderFg, style.TextBg, terminal.AttrDim)
-		}
 	} else {
 		// Scroll indicators
 		if state.Scroll > 0 && x > contentX {

tui/widget_test.go

@@ -467,3 +467,91 @@ func TestWindowShowsTheRowsInView(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	r.Sub(8, 0, 4, 3).Window(10, &v, MonoTheme.Text, content) // no columns, past the right edge
 }
+
+// A press on a scrollbar's track moves the thumb's middle to it and a press on
+// the thumb leaves it, either taking hold; a drag keeps the held row under the
+// pointer, clamped at the ends, or as near as an offset can put it when there are
+// fewer offsets than rows. A bar with no thumb, or a row off it, holds nothing.
+func TestScrollDragHoldsTheThumbUnderThePointer(t *testing.T) {
+	near := func(tops []int, want, got int) bool {
+		for _, top := range tops {
+			if max(top-want, want-top) < max(got-want, want-got) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	for trackH := 3; trackH <= 10; trackH++ {
+		for total := 1; total <= 30; total++ {
+			for visible := 1; visible <= total+1; visible++ {
+				var tops []int
+				for o := 0; o <= total-visible; o++ {
+					top, _ := ScrollThumb(trackH, o, visible, total)
+					tops = append(tops, top)
+				}
+				for y := -1; y <= trackH; y++ {
+					var d ScrollDrag
+					from := (total - visible) / 3
+					fromTop, h := ScrollThumb(trackH, from, visible, total)
+					off := d.Press(y, trackH, from, visible, total)
+					top, _ := ScrollThumb(trackH, off, visible, total)
+					onThumb := func(top int) bool { return y >= top && y < top+h }
+					switch {
+					case h == 0 || y < 0 || y >= trackH:
+						if d.Active || off != from {
+							t.Fatalf("%d/%d/%d: a press at %d off the bar holds %v at %d", trackH, visible, total, y, d.Active, off)
+						}
+						continue
+					case onThumb(fromTop):
+						if off != from {
+							t.Fatalf("%d/%d/%d: a press on the thumb moved it %d to %d", trackH, visible, total, from, off)
+						}
+					case !near(tops, min(max(y-h/2, 0), trackH-h), top) || !onThumb(top) && slices.ContainsFunc(tops, onThumb):
+						t.Fatalf("%d/%d/%d: a press at %d starts the thumb at %d", trackH, visible, total, y, top)
+					}
+					for to := -2; to <= trackH+1; to++ {
+						got, _ := ScrollThumb(trackH, d.Drag(to, trackH, off, visible, total), visible, total)
+						if want := min(max(to-d.Grab, 0), trackH-h); !near(tops, want, got) {
+							t.Fatalf("%d/%d/%d: held at %d and dragged to %d, the thumb starts at %d, want near %d",
+								trackH, visible, total, d.Grab, to, got, want)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// A label is drawn a column a rune, so one holding runes of more than a byte
+// keeps them together: each widget draws s as many times as it is given it
+func TestLabelsKeepTheirRunesTogether(t *testing.T) {
+	const s = "● é · ñ"
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		name string
+		n    int
+		draw func(r Region)
+	}{
+		{"pane", 1, func(r Region) { r.Pane(PaneOpts{Title: s}) }},
+		{"modal", 2, func(r Region) { r.Modal(ModalOpts{Title: s, Hint: s}) }},
+		{"divider", 1, func(r Region) { r.Divider(0, s, LineSingle, color.RGB{}) }},
+		{"tabs", 2, func(r Region) { r.TabBar(0, []string{s, s}, 0, DefaultTabBarOpts()) }},
+		{"table", 2, func(r Region) { r.Table([]string{s}, [][]string{{s}}, TableOpts{}) }},
+		{"form", 1, func(r Region) { r.Form(NewFormState(s), FormOpts{}) }},
+		{"field", 1, func(r Region) { r.TextField(NewTextFieldState(""), TextFieldOpts{Placeholder: s}) }},
+		{"confirm", 4, func(r Region) {
+			r.ConfirmDialog(NewConfirmState(true), ConfirmOpts{Title: s, Message: s, YesLabel: s, NoLabel: s})
+		}},
+		{"alert", 3, func(r Region) { r.AlertDialog(AlertOpts{Title: s, Message: s, Button: s}) }},
+		{"progress", 1, func(r Region) { r.ProgressOverlay(DefaultProgressOpts(s, "", ProgressSpinner)) }},
+	} {
+		r := canvas(48, 14, MonoTheme)
+		c.draw(r)
+		rows := make([]string, r.H)
+		for y := range rows {
+			rows[y] = row(r, y)
+		}
+		if got := strings.Count(strings.Join(rows, "\n"), s); got != c.n {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %d of %d, rows %q", c.name, got, c.n, rows)
+		}
+	}
+}